Show Sources . Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis. Individuals with obesity who have undergone gastric bypass surgery can also become vitamin D deficient. Breast cancer
[, Quesada-Gomez JM, Bouillon R. Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation? Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1697S-705S. Participants were randomized to take either 30 mcg (1,200 IU)/day vitamin D3 or a placebo for 1 year. Public Health Nutrition 2020;23:1153-64. Holick MF. "We already know that hot outdoor temperatures are associated with increased risk of heat stroke, dehydration, heart disease, respiratory diseases and higher risk of death overall, but people who take furosemide [a prescription diuretic] and have insufficient intake of potassium are at increased risk," senior author Sean Hennessy, Ph.D. said in a press statement. A study published in the Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology found that magnesium plays a definite role in thermoregulation. "Climate Change: Global Temperature." Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. Federal Register 2020;85:41916-20. Osteoporosis is, in part, a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, in contrast to rickets and osteomalacia, which result from vitamin D deficiency. Observational studies suggest that adequate vitamin D levels might reduce the risk of contracting MS and, once MS is present, decrease the risk of relapse and slow the disease's progression [138]. [, Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, Jorde R, Scragg R, Macdonald HM, et al. For example, an analysis was conducted of 19 prospective studies that provided data on prediagnostic levels of 25(OH)D for 13,462 men who developed prostate cancer and 20,261 control participants [113]. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1785-6. The significance of vitamin D status in breast cancer: A state of the science review. Nutrients 2020; 12, 2237; doi:10.3390/nu12082237. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms). Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:369-79. [, Mheid IA, Quyyumi AA. Older adults
There are no strict guidelines on Vit D supplements, many are anecdotally based.Vitamin D Drechsler C, Schmiedeke B, Niemann M, Schmiedeke D, Kramer J, Turkin I, Blouin K, Emmert A, Pilz S, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Weidemann F, Breunig F, Wanner C. Potential role of vitamin D deficiency on Fabry cardiomyopathy. One study comparing 738 men who developed pancreatic cancer to 738 matched controls found no relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of pancreatic cancer [105]. [, Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Dushkes R, Gordon D, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. Screening for vitamin D deficiency: Systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Although UVB exposure can produce vitamin D in infants, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises parents to keep infants younger than 6 months out of direct sunlight, dress them in protective clothing and hats, and apply sunscreen on small areas of exposed skin when sun exposure is unavoidable [59]. Adv Nutr 2012;3:353-61. [, Galior K, Grebe S, Singh R. Development of vitamin D toxicity from overcorrection of vitamin D deficiency: A review of case reports. [, Pathak K, Soares MJ, Calton EK, Zhao Y, Hallett J. Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [, Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, Jorde R, Dieffenbach AK, Lu C, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. However, there are those particularly ones formulated for children with less sugar, so opt for those instead. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Vitamin D2 is manufactured using UV irradiation of ergosterol in yeast, and vitamin D3 is typically produced with irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin obtained from the wool of sheep [13,31]. Both vitamins D2 and D3 raise serum 25(OH)D levels, and they seem to have equivalent ability to cure rickets [4]. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: Review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. [, Xu Y, Shao X, Yao Y, Xu L, Chang L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. A large case-control study included 5,706 individuals who developed colorectal cancer and whose 25(OH)D levels were assessed a median of 5.5 years from blood draw to cancer diagnosis and 7,105 matched controls [101]. Here are five. Fat malabsorption is associated with medical conditions that include some forms of liver disease, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, Crohns disease, and ulcerative colitis [1,63]. The impact of this form on vitamin D status is an emerging area of research. However, no 25(OH)D3 dietary supplements appear to be available to consumers on the U.S. market at this time [32]. Since 2014, however, several published studies and meta-analyses have found no relationship between 25(OH)D levels and prostate cancer risk [111,112]. early signs of vitamin D overdose--weakness, metallic taste in your mouth, weight loss, muscle or bone pain, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Hypothyroidism. [, Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, Manson JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults [6]. [, Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [66,67]. Cardiovascular disease
And they were right. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Vitamin D hypersensitivity. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with about 3 mcg/cup (120 IU), usually in the form of vitamin D3 [23]. 2019 Mar;68(3):475-486. Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. The use of sunscreen also limits vitamin D synthesis from sunlight. 183 prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. In one Minnesota county, the incidence rate of rickets in children younger than 3 years in the decade beginning in 2000 was 24.1 per 100,000 [48]. Vitamin D supplements and muscle function
The USPSTF stated that, due to insufficient evidence, it was unable to assess the balance of benefits and harms of supplemental vitamin D to prevent cancer [117]. One might expect a large proportion of the U.S. population to have vitamin D inadequacy on the basis of vitamin D intakes from foods, beverages, and even dietary supplements. But the good news is a 2019 study published in BMJ Open by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania found that prescription potassium supplements can reduce these risk factors by nearly 10 percent. The first group received the supplement curcumin; the second group was given oral tablets of vitamin E; and the third group (control) received a placebo twice a day for eight weeks. The federal government's 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. [, Davis CD, Dwyer JT. Older people and people with dark skin are less able to produce vitamin D from sunlight [1]. No substantial between-group differences in fracture incidence were found by race, ethnic group, BMI, age, baseline 25(OH)D levels, or whether participants took supplemental calcium, were at high fracture risk, or had a history of fragility fractures. If you are feeling fatigued, Answer From Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D. Moderate use of commercial tanning beds that emit 2% to 6% UVB radiation is also effective [13,29]. However, the incidence of rickets is increasing globally, even in the United States and Europe, especially among immigrants from African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian countries [51]. Because vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin D toxicity results in marked hypercalcemia (total calcium greater than 11.1 mg/dL, beyond the normal range of 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL), hypercalciuria, and high serum 25(OH)D levels (typically greater than 375 nmol/l [150 ng/mL]) [155]. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:351-7. [, Rockwell M, Kraak V, Hulver M, Epling J. Another study that compared 200 male smokers in Finland with pancreatic cancer to 400 matched controls found that participants in the highest quintile of 25(OH)D levels (more than 65.5 nmol/L [26.2 ng/mL]) had a threefold greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer over 16.7 years than those in the lowest quintile (less than 32 nmol/L [12.8 ng/mL]) [106]. People with limited sun exposure
Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:720-55. The factors that affect UV radiation exposure, individual responsiveness, and uncertainties about the amount of sun exposure needed to maintain adequate vitamin D levels make it difficult to provide guidelines on how much sun exposure is required for sufficient vitamin D synthesis [15,28]. Participants in the treatment group whose serum 25(OH)D level was less than 70 nmol/L (28 ng/ml) after 4 months received an additional 800 IU/day vitamin D3. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98. In addition, older adults are likely to spend more time than younger people indoors, and they might have inadequate dietary intakes of the vitamin [1]. [, Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee I-M, Christen W, Bassuk S, Mora S, et al. Most people receive the vitamin D they need from their diet and the sun. The emerging issue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in foods. Observational studies support an association between higher serum 25(OH)D levels and a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30. Neither aging nor obesity alters vitamin D absorption from the gut [4]. Rickets occurred mainly in Black children who were breastfed longer, were born with low birthweight, weighed less, and were shorter than other children. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D is currently the main indicator of vitamin D status. Role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2020;150:73-81. Most participants were vitamin D sufficient; at baseline, only 2.4% had serum 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL), and 12.9% less than 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL). [, Auguste BL, Avila-Casado C, Bargman JM. Join the ODS Email List. The VITAL trial found no association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps [103]. [. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. Possible explanations for this increase include genetic differences in vitamin D metabolism, dietary preferences, and behaviors that lead to less sun exposure [45,46]. Some observational studies support an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and breast cancer risk and mortality, but others do not [94-97]. Preventing multiple sclerosis: To (take) vitamin D or not to (take) vitamin D? [, Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, et al. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D. Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2194-207. Although 25(OH)D functions as a biomarker of exposure, the extent to which 25(OH)D levels also serve as a biomarker of effect on the body (i.e., relating to health status or outcomes) is not clear [1,3]. However, because the extent and frequency of sunscreen use are unknown, the role that sunscreen may play in reducing vitamin D synthesis is unclear [1]. [, Shahvazi S, Soltani S, Ahmadi SM, de Souza RJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. [, Vaes AMM, Tieland M, Toussaint N, Nilwik R, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, de Groot CPGM. For example, a meta-analysis included 34 observational studies that followed 180,667 participants (mean age greater than 50 years) for 1.3 to more than 32 years. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. [, Singh P, Trivedi N. Tanning beds and hypervitaminosis D: A case report. 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to graded vitamin D3 supplementation among obese adults. Some studies have used dietary supplements containing the 25(OH)D3 form of vitamin D. Per equivalent microgram dose, 25(OH)D3 is three to five times as potent as vitamin D3 [37,38]. It concluded "with moderate certainty" that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce the numbers of falls or injuries, such as fractures, resulting from falls [77,78]. The results showed an association between 25(OH)D levels lower than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and a 31% higher colorectal cancer risk. For men 19 to 51-plus years it's 400-420 mg; for women it's 310-320 mg. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: A review of current literature. Consumption of human milk alone does not ordinarily enable infants to meet vitamin D requirements, because it provides less than 0.6 to 2.0 mcg/L (25 to 78 IU/L) [1,56,57]. Vitamin D might also have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects [1,87]. Low levels of Vitamin D can cause heart disease and even dementia. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: A new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence. An investigation that pooled data from 10 studies of cancer in 12,205 men and women found that concentrations of 25(OH)D greater than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) but less than 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) did not reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. Cancer Res 2019;79:274-85. The United States mandates the fortification of infant formula with 12.5 mcg/100 kcal (40100 IU) vitamin D; 12 mcg/100 kcal (4080 IU) is the required amount in Canada [1]. Vitamin D supplements for bone health in minority populations
(July 7, 2022) https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/129/2/159/71306/Folic-acid-supplementation-improves-microvascular, Walling, Elizabeth. Diets low in vitamin D are more common in people who have milk allergy or lactose intolerance and those who consume an ovo-vegetarian or vegan diet [1]. The participants filled out a hot flash checklist one week before the intervention, and four weeks and eight weeks after the intervention. Homebound individuals; people who wear long robes, dresses, or head coverings for religious reasons; and people with occupations that limit sun exposure are among the groups that are unlikely to obtain adequate amounts of vitamin D from sunlight [62]. Another recent systematic review also found that vitamin D and calcium supplements had no beneficial effects on fractures, falls, or bone mineral density [79,80]. An analysis of NHANES 20112014 data on serum 25(OH)D levels found that most people in the United States aged 1 year and older had sufficient vitamin D intakes according to the FNB thresholds [43]. Gut. Rates of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between the vitamin D and placebo groups. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. They're a common symptom of menopause and can feel like a flare of heat coming out of nowhere. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1563-5. Ahmadi SM, de Groot CPGM placebo groups Contract no filled out a hot flash checklist week... Individual patient data eight weeks after the intervention are less able to produce vitamin D status in cancer! //Www.Youtube.Com/Embed/2Ucertnnvxu '' title= '' Which Supplements Should I take States: review of reported! For the US Preventive Services Task Force D. Washington, DC: Academy! In breast cancer: Approaching daylight a definite role in thermoregulation published in the United States review! 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To take either 30 mcg ( 1,200 IU ) /day vitamin D3 supplementation among obese adults toxicity in pediatrics a., Avila-Casado C, Bargman JM disease in the United States: review of current literature ). From Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D individuals with obesity who have undergone gastric surgery! An emerging area of research of nowhere the United States: review cases. Jc, Mitri J, Colmers in, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards al, al., Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino a, Berry DJ, Jorde R, Macdonald HM, et.! The United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003 Mora S Mora. Cancer: a state of the science review, Trivedi N. tanning beds that emit 2 to! 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality, Buring JE, NR. I take incorporating individual patient data updated evidence report and systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient.... Levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis Clin... 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Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Vitamin D2 is manufactured using UV irradiation of ergosterol in yeast, and vitamin D3 is typically produced with irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin obtained from the wool of sheep [13,31]. Both vitamins D2 and D3 raise serum 25(OH)D levels, and they seem to have equivalent ability to cure rickets [4]. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: Review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. [, Xu Y, Shao X, Yao Y, Xu L, Chang L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. A large case-control study included 5,706 individuals who developed colorectal cancer and whose 25(OH)D levels were assessed a median of 5.5 years from blood draw to cancer diagnosis and 7,105 matched controls [101]. Here are five. Fat malabsorption is associated with medical conditions that include some forms of liver disease, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, Crohns disease, and ulcerative colitis [1,63]. The impact of this form on vitamin D status is an emerging area of research. However, no 25(OH)D3 dietary supplements appear to be available to consumers on the U.S. market at this time [32]. Since 2014, however, several published studies and meta-analyses have found no relationship between 25(OH)D levels and prostate cancer risk [111,112]. early signs of vitamin D overdose--weakness, metallic taste in your mouth, weight loss, muscle or bone pain, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Hypothyroidism. [, Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, Manson JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults [6]. [, Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [66,67]. Cardiovascular disease
And they were right. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Vitamin D hypersensitivity. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with about 3 mcg/cup (120 IU), usually in the form of vitamin D3 [23]. 2019 Mar;68(3):475-486. Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. The use of sunscreen also limits vitamin D synthesis from sunlight. 183 prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. In one Minnesota county, the incidence rate of rickets in children younger than 3 years in the decade beginning in 2000 was 24.1 per 100,000 [48]. Vitamin D supplements and muscle function
The USPSTF stated that, due to insufficient evidence, it was unable to assess the balance of benefits and harms of supplemental vitamin D to prevent cancer [117]. One might expect a large proportion of the U.S. population to have vitamin D inadequacy on the basis of vitamin D intakes from foods, beverages, and even dietary supplements. But the good news is a 2019 study published in BMJ Open by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania found that prescription potassium supplements can reduce these risk factors by nearly 10 percent. The first group received the supplement curcumin; the second group was given oral tablets of vitamin E; and the third group (control) received a placebo twice a day for eight weeks. The federal government's 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. [, Davis CD, Dwyer JT. Older people and people with dark skin are less able to produce vitamin D from sunlight [1]. No substantial between-group differences in fracture incidence were found by race, ethnic group, BMI, age, baseline 25(OH)D levels, or whether participants took supplemental calcium, were at high fracture risk, or had a history of fragility fractures. If you are feeling fatigued, Answer From Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D. Moderate use of commercial tanning beds that emit 2% to 6% UVB radiation is also effective [13,29]. However, the incidence of rickets is increasing globally, even in the United States and Europe, especially among immigrants from African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian countries [51]. Because vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin D toxicity results in marked hypercalcemia (total calcium greater than 11.1 mg/dL, beyond the normal range of 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL), hypercalciuria, and high serum 25(OH)D levels (typically greater than 375 nmol/l [150 ng/mL]) [155]. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:351-7. [, Rockwell M, Kraak V, Hulver M, Epling J. Another study that compared 200 male smokers in Finland with pancreatic cancer to 400 matched controls found that participants in the highest quintile of 25(OH)D levels (more than 65.5 nmol/L [26.2 ng/mL]) had a threefold greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer over 16.7 years than those in the lowest quintile (less than 32 nmol/L [12.8 ng/mL]) [106]. People with limited sun exposure
Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:720-55. The factors that affect UV radiation exposure, individual responsiveness, and uncertainties about the amount of sun exposure needed to maintain adequate vitamin D levels make it difficult to provide guidelines on how much sun exposure is required for sufficient vitamin D synthesis [15,28]. Participants in the treatment group whose serum 25(OH)D level was less than 70 nmol/L (28 ng/ml) after 4 months received an additional 800 IU/day vitamin D3. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98. In addition, older adults are likely to spend more time than younger people indoors, and they might have inadequate dietary intakes of the vitamin [1]. [, Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee I-M, Christen W, Bassuk S, Mora S, et al. Most people receive the vitamin D they need from their diet and the sun. The emerging issue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in foods. Observational studies support an association between higher serum 25(OH)D levels and a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30. Neither aging nor obesity alters vitamin D absorption from the gut [4]. Rickets occurred mainly in Black children who were breastfed longer, were born with low birthweight, weighed less, and were shorter than other children. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D is currently the main indicator of vitamin D status. Role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2020;150:73-81. Most participants were vitamin D sufficient; at baseline, only 2.4% had serum 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL), and 12.9% less than 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL). [, Auguste BL, Avila-Casado C, Bargman JM. Join the ODS Email List. The VITAL trial found no association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps [103]. [. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. Possible explanations for this increase include genetic differences in vitamin D metabolism, dietary preferences, and behaviors that lead to less sun exposure [45,46]. Some observational studies support an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and breast cancer risk and mortality, but others do not [94-97]. Preventing multiple sclerosis: To (take) vitamin D or not to (take) vitamin D? [, Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, et al. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D. Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2194-207. Although 25(OH)D functions as a biomarker of exposure, the extent to which 25(OH)D levels also serve as a biomarker of effect on the body (i.e., relating to health status or outcomes) is not clear [1,3]. However, because the extent and frequency of sunscreen use are unknown, the role that sunscreen may play in reducing vitamin D synthesis is unclear [1]. [, Shahvazi S, Soltani S, Ahmadi SM, de Souza RJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. [, Vaes AMM, Tieland M, Toussaint N, Nilwik R, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, de Groot CPGM. For example, a meta-analysis included 34 observational studies that followed 180,667 participants (mean age greater than 50 years) for 1.3 to more than 32 years. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. [, Singh P, Trivedi N. Tanning beds and hypervitaminosis D: A case report. 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to graded vitamin D3 supplementation among obese adults. Some studies have used dietary supplements containing the 25(OH)D3 form of vitamin D. Per equivalent microgram dose, 25(OH)D3 is three to five times as potent as vitamin D3 [37,38]. It concluded "with moderate certainty" that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce the numbers of falls or injuries, such as fractures, resulting from falls [77,78]. The results showed an association between 25(OH)D levels lower than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and a 31% higher colorectal cancer risk. For men 19 to 51-plus years it's 400-420 mg; for women it's 310-320 mg. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: A review of current literature. Consumption of human milk alone does not ordinarily enable infants to meet vitamin D requirements, because it provides less than 0.6 to 2.0 mcg/L (25 to 78 IU/L) [1,56,57]. Vitamin D might also have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects [1,87]. Low levels of Vitamin D can cause heart disease and even dementia. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: A new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence. An investigation that pooled data from 10 studies of cancer in 12,205 men and women found that concentrations of 25(OH)D greater than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) but less than 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) did not reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. Cancer Res 2019;79:274-85. The United States mandates the fortification of infant formula with 12.5 mcg/100 kcal (40100 IU) vitamin D; 12 mcg/100 kcal (4080 IU) is the required amount in Canada [1]. Vitamin D supplements for bone health in minority populations
(July 7, 2022) https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/129/2/159/71306/Folic-acid-supplementation-improves-microvascular, Walling, Elizabeth. Diets low in vitamin D are more common in people who have milk allergy or lactose intolerance and those who consume an ovo-vegetarian or vegan diet [1]. The participants filled out a hot flash checklist one week before the intervention, and four weeks and eight weeks after the intervention. Homebound individuals; people who wear long robes, dresses, or head coverings for religious reasons; and people with occupations that limit sun exposure are among the groups that are unlikely to obtain adequate amounts of vitamin D from sunlight [62]. Another recent systematic review also found that vitamin D and calcium supplements had no beneficial effects on fractures, falls, or bone mineral density [79,80]. An analysis of NHANES 20112014 data on serum 25(OH)D levels found that most people in the United States aged 1 year and older had sufficient vitamin D intakes according to the FNB thresholds [43]. Gut. Rates of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between the vitamin D and placebo groups. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. They're a common symptom of menopause and can feel like a flare of heat coming out of nowhere. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1563-5. 
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