Abonnez vous pour ajouter à vos favoris. The European Constitution in the Making. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government. Financing European development cooperation: the Financial Perspectives 2014–2020. Carte des alliances militaires en Europe à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale (1914). [e] This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of the empire"),[28] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial idea")[29] or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum ("christian empire"). It serves to represent the various governments directly and its approval is required for any proposal to enter into law. defence). [159] The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget. Demographic transition to a society of aging population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies. [72][73], In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe. Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund. The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament. The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". Discover (and save!) [252], The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia[253] and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies. C'est une carte de 8 joueurs par équipes, soit 4 contre 4. [52] In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of a United States of Europe. [205] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU. In 2002, the currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. Jan 7, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by Cathy Hughes. In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.[180]. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. Wilson , le Président américain, moraliste, idéaliste, naïf, peu au courant des affaires d'Europe (En particulier, il ignorait complètement l'existence de la Slovaquie), rêve d'un monde où la démocra [107], Besides the 24 official languages, there are about 150 regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50 million people. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. The number of stars is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety. [278] The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. [228], The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. [141] It is actively involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and defines the EU's policy agenda and strategies. These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. Social security main legislation is found in the Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive 86/378, the Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive 79/7/EEC, the Social Security Regulation 1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC and the Directive 2005/36/EC. It has been postulated that genetic host factors may have contributed to this high mortality. Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[71] followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. [112] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or a god, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.[113]. EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20 December 2005 by EU Member States, the council, the European Parliament and the commission. [171] [50][51], After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated parts of the continent. [237] In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9%[238] while inflation was at 2.2%, and the current account balance at −0.9% of GDP. [104] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of the European Union but have official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages. To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. [63] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity (without precedent or comparison).[16][17]. The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. The 705 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every five years on the basis of proportional representation. Consists of 705 directly elected representatives. Statistics Explained is an official Eurostat website presenting statistical topics in an easily understandable way. [127] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. The EU has also promoted human rights issues in the wider world. Le projet Europeana 1914-1918 fut annoncé en 2011, sous le nom d’Europeana Collections 1914-1918: Remembering the First World War (Europeana Collections 1914-1918: se souvenir de la Première Guerre mondiale) avec pour but la numérisation de plus de 400 000 éléments issus des collections de treize institutions partenaires. The United Kingdom became the first member state to leave the EU[19] on 31 January 2020. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, as well as the source of law for the Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by the Council of Europe. Favoris; Partager; Commenter; Nous suivre; Paris (AFP) - A la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale, l'Europe est au sommet de sa puissance. [215] The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, €16.9 billion, 2007–2013), which must spend 95% of its budget on official development assistance (ODA), and from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes. [45], During the interwar period, the consciousness that national markets in Europe were interdependent though confrontational, along with the observation of a larger and growing US market on the other side of the ocean, nourished the urge for the economic integration of the continent. [175], The treaties declare that the EU itself is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. [319], The majority of media in the European Union are national-oriented, although some EU-wide media focusing on European affairs have emerged since the early 1990s, such as Euronews, Eurosport, EUobserver, EURACTIV or Politico Europe. The largest metropolitan area in the EU is Paris,[89] followed by Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr, Rome, and Milan, all with a metropolitan population of over 4 million. La carte de l’Europe est modifiée par les traités de paix. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. [168] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. [ac] It was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. The Communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council (currently Charles Michel), the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state (either its head of state or head of government). 21–26. [202], The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products. [116], Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to the current 27. For more information see, See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on, According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in. [329], This article is about the European Union. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[185] family law,[186] asylum law,[187] and criminal justice. Ce scénario, premier lancé après le début du jeu, est basé sur les éléments historiques de 1910 avec les frontières plus réalistes donnant lieu à des pays suplémentaires. There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce. [138][139] It is less integrated than a federal state because it is not a state in its own right: sovereignty continues to flow 'from the bottom up', from the several peoples of the separate member states, rather than from a single undifferentiated whole. [198], Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through enlargement. "[328] However, R. Daniel Kelemen argues that the EU has proved beneficial to leaders who are overseeing democratic backsliding, as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives authoritarian governments funds which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their backsliding countries. La base donne (...) La base donne (...) Académie de Dijon [211] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staff. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. [183] Emily O'Reilly is the current ombudsman since 2013. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. [201] The demand of Swiss People’s Party (SPP) was, however, turned down, as the voters rejected SPP’s demand for taking back immigration control.
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