[3] After the war, she was awarded the Restance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation, the Croix de guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. Her café-society fame enabled her to rub shoulders with those in the know, from high-ranking Japanese officials to Italian bureaucrats, and to report back what she heard. [85], In August 2019, Baker was one of the honorees inducted in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields. In 1934, she took the lead in a revival of Jacques Offenbach's opera La créole, which premiered in December of that year for a six-month run at the Théâtre Marigny on the Champs-Élysées of Paris. Died: January 15, 2015, Parents: Josephine Baker 2. [15][16], At 13, she worked as a waitress at the Old Chauffeur's Club at 3133 Pine Street. From a base in Morocco, she made tours of Spain. Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald, naturalised French Joséphine Baker; 3 June 1906 – 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, French Resistance agent, and civil rights activist. She was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. (September 1994):543-570 She housed people who were eager to help the Free French effort led by Charles de Gaulle and supplied them with visas. [36] They were married in the French town of Crèvecœur-le-Grand, in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt. She also devoted much of her life to fighting racism. [6], Baker performed the "Danse Sauvage" wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas. When her children became teenagers, many of them began to resent Baker. [19], In 1949, a reinvented Baker returned in triumph to the Folies Bergere. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame,[73] and on 29 March 1995, into the Hall of Famous Missourians. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music. (However, during his work on the Stork Club book, author and New York Times reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker, one of Baker's sons. Josephine Baker, born into poverty in Missouri in 1906, moved to France where she became a dancer hailed as the Queen of Paris, joined the French Resistance, and became a … ", "Exploring the France That Josephine Baker Loved", "Spend a day with Josephine Baker in her beloved château", "90 Years Later, the Radical Power of Josephine Baker's Banana Skirt", "Google Doodle Honors Jazz Age Icon & Civil Rights Activist Josephine Baker", "Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening", "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today", "Tributes in Bronze: 8 More LGBT Heroes Join S.F. Picasso drew paintings depicting her alluring beauty. Civil rights and the Black Venus. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in front of 100,000 people in Harlem in honor of her new title: NAACP's "Woman of the Year. Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. The secret died with Carrie, who refused to the end to talk about it. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. Finding aid to the Josephine Baker collection at Columbia University. In her later years, Baker converted to Roman Catholicism. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the Tropics, directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant.[1]. [78] Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York City. [34] She returned to Europe heartbroken. Especially for a black woman (of that time) who would customarily have had her baby at home with the help of a midwife? ", "African American Celebrity Josephine Baker, Dancer and Singer", "Josephine Baker Biography - life, name, school, mother, old, information, born, husband, house, time, year", "Josephine Baker: A Chanteuse and a Fighter", "Monaco Cimetière: des bornes interactives pour retrouver les tombes", "Hall of Famous Missourians, Missouri House of Representatives", "Junction of Channing Avenue (Josephine Baker Boulevard) with Lindell Boulevard and Olive Street", "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques - 2342 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News", "What do twerking and the Charleston have in common? Caravantes, Peggy. 1950. [42][43], An incident at the Stork Club in October 1951 interrupted and overturned her plans. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first colored Americans to move to Paris. Baker's children have different perspectives on her as a mother. She was best known for the Jungle dance which she performed naked apart from a skirt of rubber bananas about her waist. [10] Baker's foster son Jean-Claude Baker wrote a biography, published in 1993, titled Josephine: The Hungry Heart. They show that (Baker's mother) Carrie McDonald ... was admitted to the (exclusively white) Female Hospital on May 3, 1906, diagnosed as pregnant. [54] Josephine Baker was bisexual. In her powerful speech, one of the things Baker notably said was: I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens and into the houses of presidents. On 8 April 1975, Baker starred in a retrospective revue at the Bobino in Paris, Joséphine à Bobino 1975, celebrating her 50 years in show business. And then look out, 'cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over the world ...[52][53], After King's assassination, his widow Coretta Scott King approached Baker in the Netherlands to ask if she would take her husband's place as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. In preparation for her performances, she went through months of training with a vocal coach. Baker performed as the last dancer on the end of the chorus line, where her act was to perform in a comic manner, as if she were unable to remember the dance, until the encore, at which point she would perform it not only correctly but with additional complexity. [74] St. Louis's Channing Avenue was renamed Josephine Baker Boulevard[75] and a wax sculpture of Baker is on permanent display at The Griot Museum of Black History. When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, Baker initially supported the move. Josephine Baker was so much more than a performer. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission. 1907 wurde ihr Bruder Richard geboren, und der Vater verließ im gleichen Jahr die … After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. "[33], Despite her popularity in France, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America. [37], In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service. The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. [3] Her reputation as a crusader grew to such an extent that the NAACP had Sunday, 20 May 1951 declared "Josephine Baker Day." https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&oldid=1007796862, Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France), Female resistance members of World War II, French-language singers of the United States, French people of African-American descent, Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Baker appears in her role as a member of the French Resistance in, The Italian-Belgian francophone singer composer. This visit in July and August of that year was disastrous. [58], During Baker's work with the Civil Rights Movement, she began adopting children, forming a family she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe." In 2015 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, Illinois. [24] This contributed to Baker's becoming a legal citizen of France and giving up her American citizenship.[6]. "[5], Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. Elle partagera avec Julie la recette d’une des plus célèbres gourmandises américaines, le doughnut : ce dessert était l’un des pêchés-mignons de Joséphine, que sa sœur, excellente pâtissière, lui préparait. The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the "Save Willie McGee" rally. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. When Baker found out one of her son's Jarry was gay, she scolded him front of the entire family before sending him to live with her ex husband in Buenos Aires. Paris, c. 1927 | MoMA", "Anastasia-Paris Hold the Key (to Your Heart) Original", "The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)", "Langston Hughes African American Film Festival 2009: Carmen and Geoffrey", "Legend Josephine Baker passes away and Vince Gill is born", "The Verdict: What Do Critics Think of Josephine? Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina, and 10 sons, Korean-born Jeannot (or Janot), Japanese-born Akio, Colombian-born Luis, Finnish-born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude and Noël, Israeli-born Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim, Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara. [6][8][9] Her mother, Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent. [54], During her time in the Harlem Renaissance arts community, one of her relationships was with Blues singer Clara Smith. [79], Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married the French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen. Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress who came to be known in various circles as the "Black Pearl," "Bronze Venus" and even the "Creole Goddess". [66][67], She received a full Roman Catholic funeral that was held at L'Église de la Madeleine. While she had four marriages to men, Jean-Claude Baker writes that Josephine also had several relationships with women. The stated reason was Baker's health (since she was recovering from another case of pneumonia) but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. She was later involved for a time with the artist Robert Brady, but they never married. British singer-songwriter, Al Stewart wrote song about Josephine Baker. [3] (The club eventually met her demands). 's Rainbow Honor Walk", "Alexander Calder. [60] She created dramatic backstories for them, picking with clear intent in mind: at one point she wanted and planned to get a Jewish baby, but settled for a French one instead. [48] Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951. She joined a black vaudeville troupe and moved to New York City, where she also divorced him. [44][45] Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with Prince Rainier of Monaco). [80][81], Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. She first danced for the public on the streets of St. Louis for nickels and dimes. Sie wuchs in ärmlichen Verhältnissen auf. Jean Cocteau became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom. She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me;" but family members encouraged her to continue performing. Josephine Baker is best remembered for dancing topless and wearing a banana skirt. demonstrated Baker's belief in the possibility of equality and showed children of all skin colors, nations, and religions living together in harmony. In 1953, Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. Jean-Claude Baker was a French-American restaurateur. After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts. She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. Baker, Jean-Claude, & Chris Chase (1995). In 1951 Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. [34][35] Time magazine referred to her as a "Negro wench ... whose dancing and singing might be topped anywhere outside of Paris", while other critics said her voice was "too thin" and "dwarf-like" to fill the Winter Garden Theatre. In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. Josephine Baker (III). "[27][28] The author spent hours talking with her in Paris bars. Autobiography Les Memoires de Josephine Baker published in 1927. Proclaimed to be 'the most sensational woman anyone ever saw' by Ernest Hemingway, Josephine Baker was one of the most successful entertainers in France and other parts of Europe. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald on June 3, 1906. She often took the children with her cross-country, and when they were at Château des Milandes, she arranged tours so visitors could walk the grounds and see how natural and happy the children in "The Rainbow Tribe" were. [38] As an entertainer, Baker had an excuse for moving around Europe, visiting neutral nations such as Portugal, as well as some in South America. The opening night audience included Sophia Loren, Mick Jagger, Shirley Bassey, Diana Ross, and Liza Minnelli. Oh yes, Bricktop was there as well. She also raised them as different religions to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one Muslim and the other Catholic. [6] Though Baker traveled, she would return with gifts and money for her mother and younger half-sister, but the turmoil with her mother pushed her to make a trip to France.[20]. It contains rarely seen archival footage, including some never before discovered, with music and narration. [6], Josephine spent her early life at 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the Mill Creek Valley neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income neighborhood near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing. "[83], On 3 June 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, Google released an animated Google Doodle, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements. [37]:232–269 As written in Jazz Age Cleopatra, "She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit. She included Pirot kilim into her routine, as a nod to the local culture, and she donated some of the show's proceeds to poor children of Serbia. Later she became a chorus girl on the St. Louis stage. Her star turn in a 1936 revival of Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway generated less than impressive box office numbers, and later in the run, she was replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee. Josephine Baker was a dancer and singer who became wildly popular in France during the 1920s. Winchell responded swiftly with a series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of Communist sympathies (a serious charge at the time). She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in the West of France. "[6], Her career began with blackface comedy at local clubs; this was the "entertainment" of which her mother had disapproved; however, these performances landed Baker an opportunity to tour in Paris, which would become the place she called home until her final days. When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. [6] Baker's estate identifies vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father despite evidence to the contrary. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. “Josephine Baker, Racial Protest and the Cold War.” The Journal of American History, 81 no 2. [7] After this incident, she began receiving threatening phone calls from people claiming to be from the Ku Klux Klan but said publicly that she was not afraid of them. A character based on Baker (topless, wearing the famous "banana skirt") appears in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film, Her influence upon and assistance with the careers of husband and wife dancers, Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book, In February 2017, Tiffany Daniels portrayed Baker in the. She also began traveling into the South. Place Joséphine Baker (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°50′29″N 2°19′26″E / 48.84135°N 2.32375°E / 48.84135; 2.32375 (place Joséphine Baker)) in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris was named in her honor. [37], After the war, Baker received the Croix de guerre and the Rosette de la Résistance. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroics, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter. Baker was billed at the time as "the highest-paid chorus girl in vaudeville. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, MO, in 1906 to Carrie McDonald, a laundress, and Eddie Carson, a musician. “The Official Site of Josephine Baker.” Accessed March 20, 2017. There is no other obvious … "[40][41], In 1952 Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on 1 June. "[82] Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the Fashion Rocks concert at Radio City Music Hall in September 2006. Louis. "[26], In Paris, she became an instant success for her erotic dancing, and for appearing practically nude onstage. Of course, everyone who was anyone knew Bricky. [6] Josephine was poorly dressed and hungry as a child, and developed street smarts playing in the railroad yards of Union Station. 2. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the … She was so upset by this treatment that she wrote articles about the segregation in the United States. 1. She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Ralph Bunche. In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by the Deuxième Bureau, French military intelligence, as an "honorable correspondent". It appears in album "Last days of the century" from 1988. Me and her were the only two, and we had a marvellous time. [82], Writing on the 110th anniversary of her birth, Vogue described how her 1926 "danse sauvage" in her famous banana skirt "brilliantly manipulated the white male imagination" and "radically redefined notions of race and gender through style and performance in a way that continues to echo throughout fashion and music today, from Prada to Beyoncé. I became famous first in France in the twenties. Her adopted children were: Akio (Korean son), Janot (Japanese son), Luis (Colombian son), Jarry (Finnish son), Jean-Claude (Canadian son), Moise (French Jewish son; pronounced moh- EEZ, French for Moses ), Brahim (Algerian son), Marianne (French daughter), Koffi (Cote d'Ivoirean--or Ivory Coast, Africa-- son), Mara (Venezuelan son), Noel … [4] Baker once said: "I have two loves, my country and Paris. New York, United States.1951. Baker return to the USA on 1963 to attend the civil rights march. However, some of her shows were cancelled, due to opposition from the local clergy and morality police. She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940. [19] She left him when her vaudeville troupe was booked into a New York City venue and divorced in 1925; it was during this time she began to see significant career success, and she continued to use his last name professionally for the rest of her life. [66], Four days later, Baker was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance. She charged admission for visitors to enter and partake in the activities, which included watching the children play. The infection spread and she developed peritonitis and then sepsis. [77], Writing in the on-line BBC magazine in late 2014, Darren Royston, historical dance teacher at RADA credited Baker with being the Beyoncé of her day, and bringing the Charleston to Britain. A term of the time describes this part of the cast as "The Pony". Baker wanted to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could still be brothers." At the age of 15, she headed to New York City during the Harlem Renaissance, performing at the Plantation Club, Florence Mills' old stomping ground, and in the chorus lines of the groundbreaking and hugely successful Broadway revues Shuffle Along (1921)[21] with Adelaide Hall[22] and The Chocolate Dandies (1924). "[50] Rosa Parks and Daisy Bates were among those she acknowledged, and both gave brief speeches. After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required a hysterectomy. [13] One woman abused her, burning Josephine's hands when the young girl put too much soap in the laundry. Baker represented one aspect of this fashion. "Josephine Baker to Crown Queen" Headliner Los Angeles Sentinel 22 May 1952. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDittmer1994 (, Jack Hockett - Josephine Baker correspondence, etc., (dated 1967-1976) part of the Henry Hurford Janes – Josephine Baker Collection at Yale University Archives, Box: 2, Folder: 78, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special, Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play, "Collective Mental State and Individual Agency: Qualitative Factors in Social Science Explanation", "Josephine Baker: The life of an artist and activist", "Josephine Baker (Freda McDonald) Native of St. Louis, Missouri", "When Frida Kahlo Set Her Eyes on Josephine Baker", "From the archive, 26 August 1974: An interview with Josephine Baker", "Josephine Baker: The First Black Super Star", "Female Spies in World War I and World War II", "Review of Josephine Baker: A Centenary Tribute", "Josephine Baker hero | Heroes: What They Do & Why We Need Them", "Firestorm Incident At The Stork Club, 1951", "Stork Club Refused to Serve Her, Josephine Baker Claims", "Stork Club Special Delivery Exhibit at the New York Historical Society recalls a glamour gone with the wind", "Profiles in Courage for Black History Month", "March on Washington had one female speaker: Josephine Baker", "(1963) Josephine Baker, "Speech at the March on Washington" | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed", "Would the perfect family contain a child from every race? During her early career, Baker was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. He's the only one who Baker never legally adopted. Why six weeks in the hospital? In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. [37]:182–269, When the Germans invaded France, Baker left Paris and went to the Château des Milandes, her home in the Dordogne département in the south of France. I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer. Her success coincided (1925) with the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs, which gave birth to the term "Art Deco", and also with a renewal of interest in non-Western forms of art, including African. Josephine Baker was born on June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri. Many years have passed since the death of Josephine Baker, and the charismatic Broadway chorus-girl turned Parisian music-hall legend, actress, comedian and French fashion icon is still widely remembered for her many achievements. Jean-Claude Baker, owner of the Times Square restaurant Chez Josephine, outside the restaurant in 2009 during the 105th birthday party for Doris Eaton Travis, the last surviving Ziegfeld Girl. She let people think Eddie Carson was the father, and Carson played along, (but) Josephine knew better. One member of the Tribe, Jean-Claude Baker, said: "She wanted a doll."[61]. History Josephine Baker’s Rainbow Tribe To prove that racial harmony was possible, the dancer adopted 12 children from around … The restaurant was once a house of ill repute located in the seedy Hell's Kitchen area of NY. Von ihrer Mutter wurde sie Tumpie genannt, eine Abwandlung von Humpty Dumpty. In 1973 she performed at Carnegie Hall to a standing ovation. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri on June 13, 1906. Jean-Claude Baker opened Chez Josephine as a tribute to his adoptive mother. And much more. Her career could not support the large family she created so Baker and her children moved to Monaco. McGee was a Black man in Mississippi convicted of raping a white woman in 1945 on the basis of dubious evidence, and sentenced to death.
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